rohit bejjala upsc notes

 ============================================================= Summary: Evolution of Landforms 🌍 ======================================== Weathering & Erosion 🌧️ Weathering breaks down earth materials. Geomorphic agents (running water, groundwater, wind, glaciers, waves) cause erosion. Erosion reshapes the earth’s surface. Deposition & Surface Changes 🏞️ Deposition follows erosion. Both erosion and deposition contribute to landform changes. Definition of Landforms & Landscapes 🏔️ Landforms : Small to medium parts of the earth’s surface. Landscapes : Collection of related landforms forming large surface areas. Formation & Evolution of Landforms ⏳ Formed by geomorphic agents and processes. Changes occur due to slow or rapid natural forces. Influenced by climate and landmass movements. Landforms evolve over time (youth, mature, old age). Two Important Aspects of Landform Evolution 🔄 Transformation of one landform into anoth...

  Indian Councils Act, 1861 – Key Features & Significance 1. Introduction & Background Enacted by the British Parliament to increase Indian participation in the legislative process . Came in response to the Revolt of 1857 , aiming to make governance more inclusive . 2. Key Features of the Act Introduction of Non-Official Members For the first time, non-official Indians were included in legislative councils . Though their presence was symbolic , it marked the beginning of Indian representation . Law-Making Became a Deliberative Process Laws could be made only after discussion and debate . Law-making was no longer exclusively under executive control . Portfolio System Introduced (By Lord Canning) Laid the foundation for cabinet government in India. Each branch of administration had a specific official head and spokesperson responsible for governance . Provincial Legislative Devolution Legislative powers were given to Bombay & Madr...