ENVIRONMENT TABLES CHARTS , IMP KEYWORDS ,Diagrams
Terms in news
It is commonly used in conservation biology to counteract inbreeding depression. This occurs when closely related individuals mate within a population, resulting in reduced success in reproduction and offspring viability.
BIO PROSPECTING
The primary goal of bioprospecting is to harness nature’s diversity to develop beneficial products, such as antibiotics, anti-cancer agents, or sustainable agricultural solutions
pollinator decline
The edaphic factors include soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties that result from biologic and geologic phenomena or anthropogenic activities
Humus is abiotic component of an ecosystem because it is non-living organic matter..
- Humus is roughly 60 percent carbon.
- It also contains phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, and nitrogen.
- Humus is rich in cellulose and lignin
Dead, decaying matter =Biotic
*Inorganic don't have C=H BOND*
if u want to say its organic its should be C=H Bond in it
Carbon , CO2 are inorganic
((Habitat - Adress
Many habitats - = environment ))
((ALL HABITATS ARE ENV
BUT NOT ALL ENV ARE HABITATS))
(ALL ECOSYSTEMS ARE ENV
BUT NOT ALL ENV R ECOSYSTEMS)
Here’s a comparison of Fundamental Niche and Realized Niche in tabular format:
| Aspect | Fundamental Niche 🌱 | Realized Niche 🌍 |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | The full range of environmental conditions and resources a species can theoretically utilize it. |
The actual conditions and resources a species uses in the presence of biotic interactions. |
| Influencing Factors | Determined by abiotic factors like temperature, humidity, pH, and soil composition. |
Limited by biotic interactions such as competition, predation, and resource availability. |
| Scope | Broader, as it represents the potential habitat without restrictions. |
Narrower, as it is influenced by ecological constraints. |
| Presence of Competition | Assumes no competition or interspecific interactions. | Includes effects of competition, predation, and symbiosis. |
| Ecological Role | The possible ecological roles a species can play. | The actual role a species plays in its ecosystem. |
| Variation |
Can change spatially and temporally due to habitat heterogeneity. | More stable but can shift with environmental changes and species interactions. |
| Example | A plant species can grow in various soil types across a wide temperature range. | Due to competition, the plant may only be found in specific soil types in a limited temperature range. |
as env may or may not have life.
ECOLOGY - study of Interactionism in ecosystem
Ecosystem - functional unit -
Physical env interacts with living organisms ) = ecosystem defn
Ecosys - 2 types
AQUATIC 🌊 ,TERRISTRIAL 🌏
An ecosystem's gross primary productivity is the production rate of organic matter during photosynthesis.
AN Environment may or may not have life
(PROPAGULES OF TRESS )
EURY-THERMAL - WIDE RANGE TEMP. TOLERANCE
STENO-THERMAL - normal Range temp. Tolerance
crustaceans, insects, salmon, penguins, pythons,
========================================================
EURY-HALINE - wide tolerance range of salinity
Euryhaline vs Stenohaline Species 🐟🌊
| Category |
Examples 🐠 |
|---|---|
| Euryhaline (Can tolerate a wide range of salinity) |
🦈 Bull Shark, 🐠 Tilapia, 🦀 Blue Crab, 🐟 European Eel, 🐡 Mullet |
| Stenohaline (Can survive only in a narrow salinity range) | 🐠 Goldfish, 🦑 Giant Squid, 🐟 Clownfish, 🦞 Lobster, 🦐 Prawns |
STENO- HALINE - narrow range of salinity
..
Light Falling on plant
More 🌞 - more root growth - transpiration 🪴🪴
No sun light -☀️ plant dead - due to CO2 accumulation
...
Frost ❄️ - transpiration ⬆️ ( already more water is present with plant ☘️)
Transpiration is reduced or stops at low temperatures.
More ice 🧊🧊~ more salt concentration ~ cell dehydration
Roots can't supply moisture
..
Snow
snowmelt acts as a vital water reservoir for plant transpiration, especially in regions with heavy snowfall.
Covers and protect seedlings from excessive cold and Frost )
High temp ~ high dry ~ coagulation of protoplastic proteins
-
NITROGEN is a limited Nutrient for both natural and agri ecosystems
Each bolt of lightning carries electrical energy that is powerful enough to break the strong bonds of the nitrogen molecule in the atmosphere.
DIE BACK mech ~ plant ☘️ ~ dies from the Tip
Root alive
Shoot dry
...( Ex ; sal , red sanders ))
Herbivores
List of Herbivores 🐮🌿
List of Herbivores 🐮🌿 (Tabular Format)
| Category | Examples 🌿 |
|---|---|
| Mammals 🐘 | Elephant 🐘, Deer 🦌, Cow 🐄, Buffalo 🐃, Giraffe 🦒, Horse 🐎, Rabbit 🐇, Zebra 🦓, Goat 🐐, Kangaroo 🦘 |
| Birds 🦜 |
Parrot 🦜, Pigeon 🕊️, Swan 🦢, Goose 🪿, Hummingbird 🐦 |
| Reptiles 🦎 |
Iguana 🦎, Tortoise 🐢, Green Sea Turtle 🐢 |
| Aquatic Animals 🐠 |
Manatee 🥒, Dugong 🌊, Parrotfish 🐟 |
| Insects 🦗 | Grasshopper 🦗, Caterpillar 🐛, Butterfly (larvae stage) 🦋 |
List of Carnivores 🦁🍖 (Tabular Format)
| Category | Examples 🦁 |
|---|---|
| Mammals 🐅 |
Lion 🦁, Tiger 🐅, Leopard 🐆, Cheetah ⚡, Wolf 🐺, Hyena 😂, Fox 🦊, Polar Bear 🐻❄️, Jaguar 🐆, Dolphin 🐬 (some species) |
| Birds 🦅 (Birds of Prey - Raptors) |
Eagle 🦅, Hawk 🦅, Owl 🦉, Vulture 🦤, Falcon 🦅 |
| Reptiles 🦎 |
Crocodile 🐊, Alligator 🐊, Komodo Dragon 🦎, King Cobra 🐍 |
| Aquatic Animals 🦈 |
Shark 🦈, Orca (Killer Whale) 🐳, Barracuda 🐠 |
| Insects 🦗 |
Praying Mantis 🦗, Spider 🕷️, Scorpion 🦂 |
Omnivores
List of Omnivores 🐻🌿🍖 (Tabular Format)
| Category | Examples 🍖🌿 |
|---|---|
| Mammals 🦝 | Bear 🐻, Human 👨👩👧👦, Pig 🐖, Raccoon 🦝, Chimpanzee 🐵, Hedgehog 🦔 |
| Birds 🦜 |
Crow 🐦, Sparrow 🐦, Ostrich 🐣, Chicken 🐔, Magpie 🐦 |
| Reptiles 🦎 |
Box Turtle 🐢, Bearded Dragon 🦎 |
| Aquatic Animals 🐠 |
Piranha 🐟, Catfish 🐡 |
| Insects 🦗 | Ant 🐜, Cockroach 🪳 |
Omnivores eat both plants and animals, making them highly adaptable! 🌱🍖
PHAGOTROPHS - feed on organic matter
Phagotrophs vs Heterotrophs (Tabular Format) 🦠🌱🍖
| Feature | Phagotrophs 🦠 | Heterotrophs 🌿🍖 |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Organisms that ingest solid food particles | Organisms that depend on other sources for food (can be phagotrophs or absorptive feeders) |
| Mode of Nutrition | Engulf food through phagocytosis | Obtain energy from organic substances |
| Examples | Amoeba 🦠, Paramecium, Humans 👨👩👧👦, Cows 🐄 | Animals 🦁, Fungi 🍄, Some Bacteria 🦠 |
Note:
- Phagotrophs are a type of heterotrophs that ingest food.
- Heterotrophs include phagotrophs (ingest food) and
- saprotrophs (absorb nutrients).
OSMOGRAPHS - dissolved organic matter ~ osmosis
Osmoconformers and osmoregulators are organisms that manage their internal salt and water balance differently.
SAPROPHYTES (DECOMPOSERS) - 🍄🍄
bacteria n fungi ( obtains Energy and nutrients from dead organic substances
DETRITUS ♥️
Detritus 🌿💀
Definition
Detritus refers to dead organic matter derived from
Types of Detritus
| Type | Examples 🌱💀 |
|---|---|
| Plant Detritus | Fallen leaves 🍂, Dead wood 🌲, Fruit peels 🍎 |
| Animal Detritus | Dead animals 💀, Shed skin 🦎, Feathers 🪶, Feces 💩 |
| Microbial Detritus | Dead bacteria 🦠, Fungal remains 🍄 |
Importance of Detritus
✅ Nutrient Recycling – Helps in the decomposition process and enriches the soil.
✅ Food Source – Supports detritivores (e.g., earthworms, fungi, bacteria).
✅ Ecosystem Balance – Maintains the energy flow in food chains.
Examples of Detritivores (Detritus Feeders)
- Earthworms 🪱
- Fungi 🍄
- Bacteria 🦠
- Crabs 🦀
- Millipedes 🐛
Detritus plays a key role in decomposition and nutrient cycling in ecosystems! ♻️🌍
......
Ecology is the branch of biology concerned with the relations of organisms to one another it else about the energy flow mineral cycling and there surroundings (environment)
Atom ( cell ,neutron ,positron)
Molecule ( bonds b/w atoms )
Protoplasm (membrane of cell)
Cells (
Tissues
Organs
Organisms
Population.communities
Ecosystems
Landscape ( ADDED VIA EXAM )
Biome
Biosphere
Earth 🌎
Solar system
Galaxy
Universe
.....
Pugmarks - foot imprints
( sex of 🐅 🐯 ) can be determined
Community or named after the dominant plant form ,, in our village is also the dominant people named after their community,,
.
Niche refers to *unique functional role" species in its habitat or ecosystem the position.
....
Ex
Wablers
Yellow bird 🕊️ - feeds at lower tree
Bay breasted feeds in middle
Cape May warbler - feeds at tip
..
HABITAT -🏡 ADDRESS
NICHE - PROFESSION
..
ECOTONE IS THE ZONE OF TRANSITION BETWEEN TWO ECOSYSTEMS FOR EXAMPLE GRASSLANDS AND MANGROVES
THE BIOME CONSISTS OF A VARIETIES OF HABITAT S
BIOME IS A LARGE NATURALLY OCCURRING COMMUNITY OF FLORA AND FAUNA OCCUPYING A MAJOR HABITAT
ECOTONE - sharp boundary
.
ECOCLINE - no sharp Boundary
Gradual but continuous change from one ecosystem to other ecosystem.
For example the density of birds is greater in the aquatone between the forest and the desert.
• Ecophene: Also called ecads or
morphologically changed forms, these are species that adapt morphologically to
new environments (e.g., a European’s skin
darkening in the tropics due to increased melanin).
• Ecotypes: Species with wide distributions that evolve
genetically adapted local populations.
..
Adaptation to server particular environment
Morphological means for example when trees grow higher the giraffe is neck get longer
Allens rule - short ears 👂, limbs
halophile
Thermoacodophile
Hyperthermiphile - loves in high temperatures
Physiological adoption means when there is external water source absence the kangaroorat in North American deserts can meet all its water requirement through internal facts oxidation, and make its urine concentrate to minimal wastage of water.
ACCLIMATISATION -
body adapts ~ short term changes ~
Overcome minor problems ~
Low oxygen ~ high RBC pdctn
..
Desert lizard - cool goes to sun
If it feels hot - escapes into soil
....
Adaptive radiation means organisms they will diversify the into many forms when environment creates certain challenges.
For example there are some words where there ancesters looks like and the new born will look like diff. we can identify with respect to changes in their beaks .
Speciation is the process by which new species are formed and the evolution is the mechanism by which spaciation is brought
Types of Speciation
| Type of Speciation | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Allopatric Speciation 🌍 | Occurs due to geographical barriers like mountains, rivers, or oceans that prevent gene flow. | Darwin’s finches in the Galápagos Islands. 🐦 |
| Peripatric Speciation 🏝️ | A small isolated population evolves separately from the main population due to genetic drift and selection. | Polar bears evolving from brown bears. 🐻❄️ |
| Parapatric Speciation 🏞️ | Occurs when populations are separated by an extreme change in habitat but still interbreed at the edges. | Grass species adapting to polluted vs. non-polluted soils. 🌿 |
| Sympatric Speciation 🔬 | Happens without physical separation, often due to ecological or behavioral differences. | Apple maggot flies shifting from hawthorn to apple trees. 🍏 |
for example over a period of time due to the graphical isolation there will be a genetic drift and the they will change reproductively also and they become no longer interbreed
..
Subsequently the sub populations are also unable to interpret and sub population becomes different species
..
In sympatric speciation no physical barriers prevent the same species population from mating .
..
Natural selection species adapt to their environment it is an evolutionary force that selects among variations andGenes that help the organism to better adapt to their environment.
....
Evolution is a change which give rise to new species
..
Currently 6th mass extension is going on
MAJOR EXTENSION EVENTS
SILURIAN - ice age falling sea levels
DEVONOAN- oxy drop , volcanoes
TRIADSIC -siberian traps
JURASSIC -GHG
CREATACEOUS - ASTEROID HIT
ANTHROPOCENE
..........
Lichens are symbiotic organisms
Algae + fungi
Fungi provides shelter
water and minerals to the algae
and inreturn the algae provides food
..
Autogenic succesion ( living organisms itself bring abt succesion )
Vs
Allogenic succesion
Brought by outside forces ))
Autogenic vs. Allogenic Succession
| Feature | Autogenic Succession 🌿 | Allogenic Succession 🌍 |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Succession caused by internal factors within the ecosystem. | Succession driven by external environmental changes. |
| Main Cause | Organisms modify their own environment (e.g., soil composition, shade). |
External forces like climate, floods, or human activity. |
| Examples | - Growth of trees creating shade, changing plant composition. 🌳 |
- River sediment deposition altering plant growth. 🌊 |
| Typical Process |
Natural progression of species replacing each other over time. | Sudden or gradual environmental changes leading to succession. |
| Type of Influence | Biotic (living organisms) influence. 🦠 | Abiotic (non-living factors) influence. ⛈️ |
Succession in plants if it occurs on a bay rock it is XEROARCH
Water body - HYDRARCH
Medium water conditions ( MESIC )
HOMEOSTASIS in Ecosystem
The capacity of self regulation of organisms is called homeostasis for example when you take the zooplankton town and phytoplankton the decrease and increase in them leads to the starvation of one thing and then increasing another thing if the other thing increases then this decreases if this increases other thing decreases and it create balance
..
Maintains of STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
..
Very small animals requires more heat for metabolism that's why they're rarely found in polar regions.
Bharatpur rajastan - keoladeo national park
Migratory birds coming from siberia and other extremely cold regions
Hibernation - escape
Hibernation is a state of reduced activity and metabolism that helps animals survive cold and food shortages. It's most commonly used to survive the winteR.
Aestivation - summer related problems
Suspended development - DIA-PAUSE
- Polar bears, black bears, and other bears undergo seasonal diapause
- Gerbils, mice, and rats undergo diapause
- Kangaroos, wallabies, and small possums undergo diapause
Mutualism + +
🦋, 🌹
Sea anemone + shell 🐚 of hermit crabs
Neutalism. 0 0.
🌵 and tarantulas
..
Commensalism + 0
trees and epiphytic plant ☘️
Sucker fish and shark 🦈
..
Ammensalism --(DET) 0
Antibiosis -
bread mould fungi penicillium
Competition (- - )- tree shed on small tree ,small plant no effect on big tree
Parasitism
Predation
.
Tapworms
Roundworms
Malarial parasites
Bacteria
Fungi
And viruses are common parasites of human
...
.......
Fungi and bacteria are decomposers because they breakdown organic matter into simple inorganic substances.
...
Virus represents dormant life because they are metabolically inactive if there outside a host body and they are not decomposes the invite hostess and use their nucleus to carry on their life processes..
..protists -
unicellular -
paramecium And euglena are
not decomposers.
While slime moulds ,( grows on dead animals , rotting logs ,compost ))
.....
HUMIification and mineralisation occur during decomposition in the soil fication leads to the accumulation of dark coloured amorphous substance called humus.
..
DETRIVORES -
earthworms
Jellyfish (cnideria)
Seahorses ( small marine fishes )
..
------------
Food chain
Diatoms - coccolithophores- cyanobacteria - proxhlococcus - dinoflagellatas
...
Crustaceans form a grp of
Arthropods which are
Crabs,
Lobsters,
Crayfish
Shrimp,
Krill
..
Copepods are a grp of small aquatic crustaceans and foraminifera are amoeboid protists
...
In a Food chains aare not found within the populations of species
.....
....
Cnidarian and fungi have symbiotic relationship with each other.
Lichens - plant like organisms -
Algae + cyanobacteria + fungi
..
Protozoans are mostly predators and parasites
...
Pyrid inverted .also there for numbers
In
Tree - birds - parasites
It can be spindle shaped
Tree - herbivores - carnivores
...
Inverted pyramid of Biomass i s observed in
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
But pyramid of no.s is upright .
Only 10% of energy is transferred to each trophic levels from the lower trophic levels
..
Energy pyramid is always upright.
..
Ecological pyramids do not accomodate a food web .
SAPROPHYTES ( plant fungus or micro organism have no place in ecological pyramids )
..
BIOMAGNIFICATION ~ progressive bio accumulation~ increase wrt time at EACH TROPIC LEVEL .
Pollutants must be
Long- lived
Not soluble in water
Soluble in fats ( DDT ex ; )
Perchlorides
,,
If it soluble in water in comes out
with excreta
..
The amt. Of pollutants is measured
In fatty tissues - for fishes
And mammals milk )
pollutants, such as DDT and PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls), are non-biodegradable
..
BIOAUGMENTATION ;Biological augmentation is the addition of archaea or bacterial cultures required to speed up the rate of degradation of a contaminant.[1]
BIOACCUMULATION - in an organism
BIOMAGINIFICATION - within each TROPICAL LEVEL
BIOREMEDIATION
Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system, living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc…
.
Look on allen rule more examples
Biodiversity leak refers to the displacement of harmful activities from conservation areas to more biodiverse regions. When restoration projects limit agricultural production, the resulting demand may lead to increased imports from countries with rich biodiversity. This phenomenon can negate local conservation benefits.
Indonesia leads with 42,278 square kilometers (19% of the world’s mangroves
Mangroves employ viviparous seed dispersal, where seeds germinate on the parent plant, forming propagules that detach and float to suitable habitats. Species like Rhizophora (red mangrove) and Avicennia exhibit this adaptation
Ecology Study of interactions in an ecosystem
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ZONES
plant and animal community that covers large biogeographicla area is aclled BIOME
Biome is the largest recognizable assemblage of animals and plants on the Earth. The distribution of the biomes is controlled mainly by climate. NCRT definition.
A detritus food chain is a food chain that starts with dead organic matter and ends with predators.
aerobic - AB Azotobacter and Beijemickia;
anaerobic - CR Clostridium and Rhodospirillum.
NITROSOMONOSS AND NITROCOCCUS ---=NITRIFICATION
NO2 TO NO3 - NITROBACTER
PSEUDOMONAS THEOBACILLUS - DENITRIFICATION
PNEUMONIC -CR LIVES WITHOUT OXYGEN
acidic soil is good - dolomite is added for that purpose
table source ncert class 7
| Type of Forest/Vegetation | Location | Characteristics | Common Trees | Common Animals |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tropical Evergreen Forests 🌿 | Near the equator, close to the tropics (Amazon Basin, Congo Basin, Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Indonesia) | - Hot & heavy rainfall throughout the year 🌧️ - No specific dry season, trees remain green 🌳 - Dense canopy, little sunlight penetration ☀️ | Rosewood, Ebony, Mahogany, Rubber, Bamboo | Leopards, Jaguars, Sloths, Snakes, Tree Frogs, Toucans 🐆🐍🦜 |
| Tropical Deciduous Forests 🍂 | India, Northern Australia, Central America (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand) | - Experience seasonal changes ⏳ - Trees shed leaves in the dry season 🍁 | Sal, Teak, Neem, Shisham, Banyan, Peepal | Tigers, Lions, Elephants, Langurs, Monkeys, Deer 🐅🐘🦌 |
| Temperate Evergreen Forests 🌲 | Mid-latitudinal coastal regions (Southeast USA, South China, Southeast Brazil, Australia) | - Found along the eastern margins of continents 🌍 - Mix of hardwood & softwood trees | Oak, Pine, Eucalyptus, Redwoods | Black Bears, Wolves, Deer, Koalas 🐻🐺🦌 |
| Temperate Deciduous Forests 🍁 | NE USA, China, New Zealand, Chile, Western Europe (UK, Germany, France) | - Shed leaves in dry season 🍂 | Oak, Ash, Beech, Maple, Birch | Deer, Foxes, Wolves, Raccoons, Bears, Squirrels 🦊🐻🐿️ |
| Mediterranean Vegetation 🍇 | Mediterranean region (Europe, Africa, Asia), California, SW Africa, SW South America, SW Australia | - Hot, dry summers & mild, rainy winters ☀️🌧️ - Trees have thick barks & wax-coated leaves to reduce transpiration 🌿 | Olive, Fig, Grapes, Oranges, Cork Oak, Aleppo Pine | Wild Goats, Rabbits, Jackals, Foxes, Wild Boars 🐐🦊🐗 |
| Coniferous Forests (Taiga) 🌲means pure or untouched ❄️ | 50°–70° Northern Hemisphere (Canada, Russia, Scandinavia, Himalayas, Alaska) | - Tall, softwood evergreen trees 🌲 - Used for paper, matchboxes, packing material 📦 | Chir, Pine, Cedar, Fir, Spruce, Larch | Silver Fox, Mink, Polar Bear, Lynx, Moose, Snow Leopards 🦊🐻❄️🐆 |
| Tropical Grasslands (Savanna) 🦓 | Africa (Savanna), Brazil (Campos), Venezuela (Llanos), India (Deccan Plateau), Australia | - Moderate to low rainfall ☁️ - Grass grows up to 3–4 meters tall 🌾 | Elephant Grass, Acacia, Baobab | Elephants, Zebras, Giraffes, Deer, Leopards, Cheetahs, Ostriches 🐘🦒🐆 |
| Temperate Grasslands 🌾 | Argentina (Pampas), North America (Prairies), South Africa (Veld), Central Asia (Steppe), Australia (Downs) | - Short, nutritious grass 🍀 | Wheat Grass, Blue Grass, Ryegrass, Buffalo Grass | Wild Buffaloes, Bison, Antelope, Coyotes, Prairie Dogs 🦬🐺 |
| Thorny Bushes (Deserts) 🌵 | Dry desert regions (Western margins of continents – Sahara, Thar, Kalahari, Atacama, Australian Outback) | - Scanty rain & high temperature 🔥 | Cactus, Acacia, Date Palm, Babool, Yucca | Camels, Desert Foxes, Scorpions, Snakes, Kangaroo Rats 🐪🦊🦂 |
| Tundra Vegetation (Polar Regions) ❄️ | Polar areas of Europe, Asia, North America (Arctic, Siberia, Canada, Greenland) | - Extremely cold, limited vegetation 🌨️ - Short summer for plant growth 🌱 | Mosses, Lichens, Dwarf Willows, Arctic Birch | Seal, Walrus, Musk-Ox, Arctic Owl, Polar Bear, Snow Fox, Reindeer 🦭🐻❄️🦊🦌 |
tigris river
MEGA DIVERSITY CENTRES 17TOTAL -( NCERT CLASS 11 PG 134) -NCERT WRONG -NOT UPDATE
🌍 Mega Diversity Centers - Ranked by Biodiversity 🌿
The 17 Mega Diversity Countries are recognized for their exceptionally high biodiversity. Below is a rank-wise list based on species richness and endemism:
| Rank | Country 🇨🇳🇺🇸🇮🇳 | Biodiversity Highlights 🌱🐅 |
|---|---|---|
| 1️⃣ | Brazil 🇧🇷 | 🌳 Amazon Rainforest, highest biodiversity in the world |
| 2️⃣ | Colombia 🇨🇴 | 🦜 Rich in bird & amphibian species |
| 3️⃣ | Indonesia 🇮🇩 | 🦎 Home to Komodo dragons, vast marine biodiversity |
| 4️⃣ | Mexico 🇲🇽 | 🦋 Rich in cacti, second-highest reptile diversity |
| 5️⃣ | Ecuador 🇪🇨 | 🦤 Galápagos Islands, highest biodiversity per unit area |
| 6️⃣ | Peru 🇵🇪 | 🦉 Amazon Basin, rich in bird & butterfly species |
| 7️⃣ | India 🇮🇳 | 🐅 Sundarbans, Western Ghats, Himalayas |
| 8️⃣ | China 🇨🇳 | 🐼 Giant pandas, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau |
| 9️⃣ | United States 🇺🇸 | 🦅 California Floristic Province, Everglades |
| 🔟 | Madagascar 🇲🇬 | 🦎 90% species endemism, lemurs |
| 1️⃣1️⃣ | Australia 🇦🇺 | 🦘 Great Barrier Reef, marsupials |
| 1️⃣2️⃣ | Democratic Republic of Congo 🇨🇩 | 🦍 Gorillas, Congo Rainforest |
| 1️⃣3️⃣ | Philippines 🇵🇭 | 🦜 Over 50% endemic species |
| 1️⃣4️⃣ | Venezuela 🇻🇪 | 🌄 Tepuis, Orinoco River basin |
| 1️⃣5️⃣ | Malaysia 🇲🇾 | 🦧 Borneo Rainforest, orangutans |
| 1️⃣6️⃣ | Papua New Guinea 🇵🇬 | 🦋 Rich bird diversity, tribal cultures |
| 1️⃣7️⃣ | South Africa 🇿🇦 | 🌺 Cape Floristic Region, Big 5 mammals |
These mega diversity nations collectively contain over 70% of the world's biodiversity!
=============================================
BIODIVERITY HOTSPOTS
To qualify as a biodiversity hotspot, a region must meet two strict criteria:
- It must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as endemics — which is to say, it must have a high percentage of plant life found nowhere else on the planet. A hotspot, in other words, is irreplaceable.
- It must have 30% or less of its original natural vegetation. In other words, it must be threatened.
Here's a summary of the information in tabular format:
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) | Areas around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries aimed at minimizing negative impacts on ecosystems. |
| ESZs Origin | Stipulated under the National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016) and the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. |
| Mandatory ESZ Size | Minimum 1 km from protected areas (as per Supreme Court ruling, June 2022). |
| Purpose of ESZs | Regulate activities around protected areas to minimize ecological damage, support in-situ conservation, and reduce conflicts. |
| Prohibited Activities | Commercial mining, saw mills, industries causing pollution, major hydroelectric projects, hazardous waste discharge. |
| Regulated Activities | Felling trees, hotels, resort development, use of water, electrical cables, changes to agriculture, road widening. |
| Permitted Activities | Ongoing agriculture, rainwater harvesting, organic farming, renewable energy use, green technology. |
| Significance of ESZs | 1. Minimizes impact of development on protected areas. 2. In-situ conservation of endangered species. 3. Mitigates forest depletion & man-animal conflict. 4. Serves as a 'shock absorber' for fragile ecosystems. |
| Challenges & Threats | 1. Developmental activities (e.g., roads, dams) affecting habitat 2. Governance issues and undermining forest rights . 3. Tourism pressures leading to deforestation and environmental degradation. 4. Introduction of exotic species. 5. Climate change impacts (e.g., floods, fires). 6. Pressure from local communities. |
| Way Forward | 1. Promote eco-restoration through afforestation and reforestation. 2. Raise awareness about resource overexploitation. 3. Encourage collaboration between government, civil society, and stakeholders. 4. Aim for sustainable development. |
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List of Important Environmental Conventions & Protocols
| Convention/Protocol | Purpose | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Stockholm Conference (UN Conference on the Human Environment) | First global environmental summit, led to the formation of UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). |
1972 |
| Ramsar Convention |
Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. |
1971 |
| CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) |
Regulates trade of endangered species to prevent their extinction. | 1973 |
| Vienna Convention |
Protection of the ozone layer. |
1985 |
| Montreal Protocol |
Phase-out of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) like CFCs. |
1987 |
| Basel Convention |
Control of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. |
1989 |
| UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) | International treaty to address climate change. |
1992 |
| Rio Earth Summit (UNCED – United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) |
Introduced Agenda 21, leading to biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. |
1992 |
| Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) |
Conservation of biological diversity and fair sharing of genetic resources. | 1992 |
| Kyoto Protocol |
Legally binding commitments to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. |
1997 |
| Cartagena Protocol |
Protection against risks from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). |
2000 |
| Stockholm Convention on POPs | Control and elimination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). |
2001 |
| Nagoya Protocol |
Access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources. |
2010 |
| Paris Agreement |
Global commitment to limit temperature rise below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. |
2015 |
| Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol |
Phase-down of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to combat global warming. | 2016 |
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