MY MAPS NOTES
ALL MAPS - ALL THEMES
Sutkagendor: Located in Pakistan's Baluchistan Province near the Iranian border. It is the westernmost Harappan site
• Amri: Located in the Dadu district of Sindh, Pakistan.
• Kot Diji: A pre-Harappan site on the east bank of the Indus River in Sindh, Pakistan.
• Lothal: A 4,500-year-old Harappan port town in the Gulf of Khambat along the Bhogava
River.
• Manda: Situated on the right bank of the Chenab River, northwest of Jammu
top 20 largest countries in the world by land area 🌍:
| Rank | Country | Area (sq km) | Area (sq mi) | Continent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1️⃣ | Russia | 17,098,242 | 6,601,668 | Europe/Asia |
| 2️⃣ | Canada | 9,984,670 | 3,855,100 | North America |
| 3️⃣ | China | 9,596,961 | 3,705,407 | Asia |
| 4️⃣ | United States | 9,525,067 | 3,677,649 | North America |
| 5️⃣ | Brazil | 8,515,767 | 3,287,956 | South America |
| 6️⃣ | Australia | 7,692,024 | 2,969,907 | Oceania |
| 7️⃣ | India | 3,287,263 | 1,269,219 | Asia |
| 8️⃣ | Argentina | 2,780,400 | 1,073,500 | South America |
| 9️⃣ | Kazakhstan | 2,724,900 | 1,052,100 | Asia/Europe |
| 🔟 | Algeria | 2,381,741 | 919,595 | Africa |
| 11 | DR Congo | 2,344,858 | 905,355 | Africa |
| 12 | Greenland | 2,166,086 | 836,330 | North America |
| 13 | Saudi Arabia | 2,149,690 | 830,000 | Asia |
| 14 | Mexico | 1,964,375 | 758,449 | North America |
| 15 | Indonesia | 1,904,569 | 735,358 | Asia |
| 16 | Sudan | 1,886,068 | 728,215 | Africa |
| 17 | Libya | 1,759,541 | 679,362 | Africa |
| 18 | Iran | 1,648,195 | 636,372 | Asia |
| 19 | Mongolia | 1,564,116 | 603,909 | Asia |
| 20 | Peru | 1,285,216 | 496,225 | South America |
Would you like a list of all countries or just a specific region? 😊
Here’s a comparison table of Bay, Strait, Isthmus, and Gulf 🌍:
| Feature 🌊🏝️ | Definition 📖 | Key Characteristics 🔍 | Examples 🌎 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bay 🌊 | A broad, curved inlet of the sea where land surrounds the water on three sides. | - Larger than coves but smaller than gulfs. - Provides natural harbors. | Bay of Bengal (India), Hudson Bay (Canada), San Francisco Bay (USA) |
| Strait WWW🌊 |
A narrow water passage connecting two larger bodies of water. | - Formed by tectonic activity or erosion. - Important for international trade and navigation. | Palk Strait (India-Sri Lanka), Strait of Gibraltar, Malacca Strait |
| Isthmus 🏝️LLL | A narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses, with water on both sides. | - Serves as a natural land bridge. - Important for trade and transportation routes. | Isthmus of Panama, Isthmus of Suez, Kra Isthmus (Thailand) |
| Gulf 🌊 | A large coastal body of water that is partially enclosed by land, with a narrow mouth. | - Generally larger and deeper than bays. - Rich in marine life and oil reserves. | Gulf of Mannar (India), Gulf of Mexico, Persian Gulf |
Would you like to explore more details on any of these? 😊
china
- West Bengal
- Assam
- Meghalaya
- Tripura
- Mizoram
It originated in the Himalayas and flowed through the regions of
Punjab, Haryana, Western Rajasthan, and Gujarat between the Indus river in the west and the Ganges river in the east
It is believed that the river still flows underground beneath the
Thar Desert and retains its Himalayan connectivity.
ladakh is also knows as KHAPA CHAN (SNOWLAND)
Manali - Leh highway crosses four passes, The highway opens only between July and September when snow is cleared from the road.
Rohtang la,
Baralacha la
Lungalacha la and
Tanglang la.
connects MANALI TO LAHAUL SPITI VALLEY 🚅🚅
Majuli in the Brahmaputra river is the largest inhabited riverine island in the world ..)
longest river - sutlej
La(rg)est river - chenab ( b(ridg)e)
ICJ -----for pak 👀
BRS - Party India(tg)
🌏bhabhar - pebbles
🌏Terai - wet ,swampy ,marshy 🫠
THAR DESERT IS ALSO CALLED AS MARUSTHALI
🌏Tal ghat serves as a crucial road and rail route connecting Mumbai to Nashik 🚉
🌏Balaghat Situated amid the Satpura hill ranges, with the river Wainganga flowing by, the city is aptly named Balaghat, which means 'a city above the ghats'. Endowed with rich stores of natural resources like manganese and copper, it is also home to one of the most prominent mining units in Madhya Pradesh.
EASTERN GHATS -WIDER [BROADER0))) AS THEY ARE EMERGENT COAT- more crops - CONTIN.SHELF UPTO 500 KM SO PORTS ARE LESS
The Amarkantak region is a unique natural heritage area and is the meeting point of the Vindhya and the Satpura Ranges, with the Maikal Hills being the fulcrum.
HILL MAP
anaimudi - 2685Dodabetta -2637
.......
In eastern ghats mahendragiri
Chilika Lake in Odisha, India is the largest brackish water lake in Asia. It's also one of the largest lagoons in the world.
wular -largest fresh water lake
kolleru - fresh water lake .AP
vembanand -longest
sambhar -largest inland salt lake (rajastan )
Lake KariBAa:
It is the world’s largest artificial lake and reservoir by volume , ZAMBIA , ZIMBABWE
Lake Baikal – Deepest Lake
- Located in Siberia, Russia.
- The deepest lake in the world [1,637 metres deep]
- It is the world’s largest lake by volume.
- It is the second longest.
Lake Tanganyika – Longest Lake
- The longest lake in the world. [660 kilometres long]
- It is also the second largest by volume.
- It is the second deepest lake in the world, after lake Baikal.
Lakshadweep do not have mangrove forest.
The Bay of Bengal island groups
consist of about 572 islands/islets.
These are
situated roughly between 6°N-14°N and
92°E -94°E.
The two principal groups of islets
include the Ritchie’s archipelago and the
Labrynth island.
PORT
Barren island - India's only active volcano
AMAZON -largest
NILE - longest
Here’s a detailed table on the Soils of India along with the factors influencing their formation:
Soils of India & Factors Behind Their Formation
| Type of Soil | Characteristics | Major Regions | Formation Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alluvial Soil 🌊 | Fertile, rich in potash & lime, suitable for crops like wheat, rice, and sugarcane. | Indo-Gangetic Plains, Brahmaputra Valley, Coastal Plains. | River deposition, weathering of Himalayan & Peninsular rocks. |
| Black Soil (Regur) 🖤 | Rich in clay & moisture retention, suitable for cotton. | Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. | Lava weathering, volcanic origin, climatic conditions. |
| Red Soil 🔴 | Rich in iron, low in humus & nitrogen, suitable for millets, pulses. | Eastern & Southern India (Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka). | Weathering of metamorphic rocks, iron oxide content. |
| Laterite Soil ⛰️ | Poor in fertility, used for plantation crops like tea, coffee, cashew. | Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, North-East India. | Intense leaching due to heavy rainfall, high temperature. |
| Desert Soil 🏜️ | Sandy, low fertility, high salt content, suitable for drought-resistant crops. | Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab. | Wind deposition, arid climate, high evaporation. |
| Mountain Soil ⛰️ | Rich in humus, good for horticulture crops. | Himalayan regions, Uttarakhand, Himachal, NE states. | Weathering of rocks, forest cover, altitude effects. |
| Peaty & Marshy Soil 🏞️ | High organic matter, acidic, found in waterlogged areas. | Kerala, Sundarbans, Andaman & Nicobar Islands. | Water stagnation, decomposition of organic matter. |
| Saline & Alkaline Soil ⚡ | High salt content, infertile, requires reclamation. | Arid & semi-arid regions of UP, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan. | Poor drainage, evaporation, capillary action. |
Peat land classification and places of that type
Major Indian Rivers & the Number of States They Flow Through 🌊🇮🇳
farakka in west bengal is the northern most point in the ganga delta
Majuli is the world's largest river island and is located in the Brahmaputra River in Assam,
==============================
Here's a table of major rivers in India along with their origin points and left & right bank tributaries:
| River 🏞️ | Origin Point ⛰️ | Left Bank Tributaries 🌊 | Right Bank Tributaries 🌊 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ganga | Gangotri Glacier, Uttarakhand | Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi | Yamuna, Son, Punpun, Damodar |
| Yamuna | Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarakhand | Hindon, Sasur Khaderi, Ken, Chambal | Tons, Betwa, Sindh |
| Brahmaputra | Angsi Glacier (Tibet), enters India in Arunachal Pradesh | Dibang, Lohit, Dhansiri, Manas | Subansiri, Kameng, Sankosh, Teesta |
| Godavari | Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra | Pranhita, Indravati, Sabari | Manjira, Maner, Penganga |
| Krishna | Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra | Bhima, Musi, Peddavagu | Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha |
| Narmada | Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh | Sher, Shakkar, Tawa | Hiran, Orsang, Kolar |
| Kaveri | Talakaveri, Karnataka | Hemavati, Arkavati, Shimsha | Amaravati, Bhavani, Noyyal |
| Mahanadi | Sihawa, Chhattisgarh | Seonath, Mand, Ib, Hasdeo | Ong, Tel, Jonk |
| Tapti | Satpura Range, Madhya Pradesh | None (mostly small streams) | Purna, Girna, Panjhra |
| Indus | Mansarovar Lake, Tibet, enters India in Ladakh | Zanskar, Jhelum, Chenab | Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul |
This table provides a concise view of major rivers, their tributaries, and origins in India.
kaveri makes 2nd shivasamudram falls
The Malabar coast has got certain distinguishing features in the form of ‘Kayals’ (backwaters), which are used for fishing, inland navigation and also due to its special attraction for tourists. Every year the famous Nehru Trophy Vallamkali (boat race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in Kerala.
INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE IOD
POSITIVE IOD - AFRICAFULL RAIN
==================================================================
LA NINA
La Nina means 'little girl' in Spanish and is also known as El Viejo or 'cold event'. Here, the water temperature in the Eastern Pacific gets colder than normal. As a result of this, there is a strong high pressure over the eastern equatorial Pacific. Now, there is low pressure in the Western Pacific and off Asia
Madden-Julian Oscillation
Weak MJO may contribute to Negative IOD, causing drought-like conditions. |-thunderstorm -eastward moving-recurs 30-60 days-30n to 30*s
Here is a ranked table of the salinity levels of major seas and water bodies:
| Rank | Water Body | Average Salinity (‰ - parts per thousand) |
|---|---|---|
| 1️⃣ | Dead Sea | 300–350 ‰ |
| 2️⃣ | Lake Van (Turkey) | ~ 240 ‰ |
| 3️⃣ | Great Salt Lake | 100–270 ‰ (varies by location) |
| 4️⃣ | Red Sea | 38–41 ‰ |
| 5️⃣ | Mediterranean Sea | 38 ‰ |
| 6️⃣ | Persian Gulf | 37–40 ‰ |
| 7️⃣ | Black Sea | 17–22 ‰ |
| 8️⃣ | Baltic Sea | 2–20 ‰ (varies greatly) |
| 9️⃣ | Caspian Sea | 12–13 ‰ |
| 🔟 | Arctic Ocean | 30–34 ‰ |
Key Observations:
- 🌊 Dead Sea has the highest salinity, making it one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world.
- 🏜 Red Sea & Persian Gulf have high salinity due to high evaporation and limited freshwater inflow.
- ❄ Baltic Sea & Black Sea have lower salinity due to high river inflows and limited evaporation.
- 🌍 Oceans generally have salinity around 35 ‰ on average.
koeppen classification
The Sahara desert covers 10 different countries —
they are
Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan, and Tunisia
👲M S - M A S (CHad) - LENT -😀😀
Top - Tunisia
North side - MorocAlgeriaLibyaEgypt
Sahara
south Mauri -M N C - Sudan Eritria
berborton greenstone belt - new volcano
==============================
Trinidad and Tobago declared a state of emergency, following a surge in violence, including gang-related shootings.
To the south and east, Pakistan;
to the west, Iran, and its
northern border touches the Central Asian countries of Turkmenistan, Uz
bekistan, and Tajikistan.
In the far northeast, it shares a border with China.
BERMUDA TRIANGLE
CAMPE FLARGI SUPER VOLCANO -ITALY
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