Science and Technology

BIOTECHNOLOGY 

Here is the information in tabular format:

Feature	Details
Provision of ART Services	ART services will be provided through ART clinics (treatment and procedures) and ART banks (collect, screen, and store gametes).
Registration of ART Clinics and Banks	A National Registry will maintain details of all ART clinics and banks in the country.
Regulatory Authorities	The central and state governments will appoint appropriate authorities to support registration-related services.
National and State Boards	The National and State Boards constituted under the Surrogacy Act 2021 will regulate ART services.
Registration of Clinics	The Central Government will appoint Appropriate Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Authority at the national and state levels.
Eligibility Criteria for Commissioning Parties	- Single women or married couples where the woman is 21-50 years and the man is 21-55 years. - Married couples must be infertile. - Foreigners are not prohibited from availing ART services.
Eligibility Criteria for Donors	- Semen donors: Males aged 21-55 years. - Egg donors: Females aged 23-35 years. - A woman can donate eggs only once, with a maximum of seven eggs retrieved. - A single donor’s gametes cannot be supplied to more than one commissioning party.
Conditions for Offering Services	- ART procedures require written consent from commissioning parties and the donor. - Clinics must check for genetic diseases before implantation. - Sex-selective procedures are prohibited.
Insurance Coverage for Donor	Commissioning parties must provide insurance for the oocyte donor to cover loss, damage, or death.
Rights of a Child Born Through ART	- A child born through ART is deemed the biological child of the commissioning couple. - The child will have all rights of a natural child. - Donors have no parental rights.
Duties of ART Clinics and Banks	- ART clinics and banks must share enrolment, procedural, and outcome details with the National Registry. - Records must be maintained for at least 10 years and then transferred to the National Registry.
Regulation of Surrogacy	The Act includes the treatment of surrogacy and protects the rights of surrogate mothers.

This structured format makes it easier to understand and refer to key provisions of the ART Act, 2021.

SPACE AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY

DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY

Naval Warships—————Associated Projects

1.INS Nilgiri———————Project 17A

2.INS Vaghsheer——————– Project 75

3.INS Surat———————— Project 15B

• Sonobuoys are expendable, electro-mechanical acoustic sensors that relay underwater sounds emitted from ships and submarines.
• They help in the detection, classification, and prosecution of adversarial ships and submarines.
• A naval helicopter or fixed-wing aircraft generally drops sonobuoys in a pattern.
• They are dropped in canisters and are deployed automatically upon impact with water.
• An inflatable system with a radio transmitter remains on the surface for communication with the ship or aircraft tracking it while sensors descend below the surface to a predetermined depth.
• It then relays acoustic information back to those monitoring them.
• A group of sonobuoys deployed in a pattern can find out the exact location of the submarine, which then can be tracked by other systems.
• Some sonobuoys are designed to be deployed in passive mode and some in active mode.
  • Active sonobuoys emit sound energy and receive the echo, based on which they transmit information back to the aircraft.
  • Passive sonobuoys, on the other hand, only listen for sounds coming from ships or submarines. They then transmit the sound back to the aircraft.
• There are also Special Purpose buoys that provide information about the environment, such as water temperature, ambient noise level, etc.
• Components: A typical sonobuoy consists of a cylindrical or spherical buoyant housing,sensors for detecting acoustic signals, a battery or power source, and a radio transmitter or other communication system to relay data to the host platform (e.g., aircraft or ship).
• Other Applications: In addition to anti-submarine warfare, they are used for scientific research and environmental studies, including studying the behavior of whales and other marine creatures.

NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTERS AND INFORMATION

 TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

NANO TECHNOLOGY

• IIT Roorkee has successfully used the esterase enzyme, produced by the soil bacterium s, to break down the plasticizer Diethyl Hexyl Phthalate (DEHP). 
  • This advancement addresses the growing environmental and health concerns posed by plasticisers. 
• Plasticisers are additives used to make rigid plastics like PVC (polyvinyl chloride) more flexible and softer by reducing intermolecular forces within the polymer chains. 
• This is particularly relevant to plastic products requiring durability and flexibility, such as cables, hoses, and films. 
• They are carcinogens, posing health risks through skin absorption or ingestion. As persistent organic pollutants, they contaminate water and soil, harming ecosystems and aquatic life.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

GENERAL BIOLOGY

GENERAL PHYSICS

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

• Pink Fire Retardant is a chemical mix used to slow or extinguish wildfires. It primarily contains ammonium phosphate-based slurry.   
• A commonly used fire retardant in the US is Phos-Chek.  
• It is sprayed ahead of fire that coats vegetation to prevent oxygen from aiding combustion.  
  • Pink is chosen because it is highly visible, helping firefighters target fire lines more effectively. 
• It also includes thickening agents to enhance its stickiness and prevent drift during aerial application. 
• Additionally, Pink Fire Retardant releases harmful metals, including chromium and cadmium which can have environmental and health implications