geography Phenomena pictures

 MHWs are defined as prolonged periods of unusually high sea surface temperatures. Specifically, they occur when seawater temperatures exceed the 

90th percentile for at least five consecutive days










alluvial >red>>black>>terai >>

















               SOIL PROFILE 

Saline soil+gypsum= fertile 😃

  • Alluvial soils of the northern plains —> transported soils —>, therefore, lack humus —> lack nitrogen [That is why we need to use nitrogenous fertilisers in the northern plains!]. 
  • Exception: the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region is rich in humus.


Tropical Peat Soils Under Different Land Uses - Gambut Kita
Peat soil is a type of soil that's formed from partially decomposed organic matter that accumulates in waterlogged areas. It's rich in organic matter and has a spongy consistency. 
How is peat soil formed?
  • Peat soil forms over thousands of years in wetlands like swamps, marshes, and bogs. 
  • It's formed from the remains of plants like sphagnum moss, herbs, shrubs, and small trees. 
  • The organic matter decomposes very slowly due to a lack of oxygen. 
Properties of peat soil 
  • Peat soil has a high organic content, usually above 75%.
  • It has a dark brown to black color.
  • It has a low bulk density and high total porosity.
  • It can swell and shrink when it gets wet and dries.
Where is peat soil found? 
  • Peat soil is found in all regions, but it's more common in the temperate and cold zones of the Northern Hemisphere.
  • Peatlands cover more than half of the world's wetlands.
Importance of peat soil
Peatlands are important ecosystems that store carbon and freshwater. 
They also help to adapt to extreme conditions such as high water and low oxygen. 


Here is a comprehensive table on different types of soils in India, their characteristics, locations, associated flora and fauna, and the key chemicals they are derived from:

Soil Type Characteristics Locations Plants & Crops Chemicals
Alluvial Soil 🏞️ - Fertile, rich in minerals 🌱 - Loamy & clayey texture - Retains moisture well 💧 Indo-Gangetic Plains (Punjab, UP, Bihar, West Bengal), Coastal regions Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton 🌾
Silica, Potash, Lime (caco3)
phosphoroc rich
Black Soil (Regur-REGADI) 🖤 - Clayey, moisture-retentive 💧 - Rich in humus & nutrients - Swells when wet, cracks when dry Maharashtra, Gujarat, MP, Karnataka, Telangana Cotton, Jowar, Millets, Pulses 🏵️
Iron, Magnesium, Lime,Alumina 
lack in Nitrogenn organic matter 
Red Soil ❤️ - Reddish due to Iron Oxides 🔴 - Porous, not very fertile - Deficient in lime & humus Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh Groundnut, Ragi, Potato, Tobacco 🥔
Iron Oxide, Potash, Aluminum)))
😭N , P -POOR
Laterite Soil 🌋(brick making) - Highly leached due to rain ☔ - Rich in Iron & Aluminum - Poor in organic matter Western Ghats, Kerala, Karnataka, Assam, Meghalaya Tea, Coffee, Cashew, Rubber ☕
Iron, Aluminum, Silica
Arid Soil (Desert Soil) 🏜️ - Sandy, low humus, poor moisture retention - High salt content Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana Bajra, Barley, Date Palm 🌵
Calcium Carbonate, Gypsum
Mountain Soil ⛰️ - Found in hilly & forested areas - Rich in humus, acidic in nature Himalayan regions (J&K, Himachal, Arunachal) Apples, Tea, Spices, Maize 🍏
Iron, Potassium, Humus
Peaty & Marshy Soil 🌊 - Rich in organic matter & humus - Waterlogged & highly acidic Kerala, West Bengal, Sundarbans, North-East India Rice, Jute, Coconut, Spices 🌾
Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur
Saline USARA& Alkaline Soil ⚡ - High salt content, infertile - Found in dry, arid areas Gujarat, Rajasthan, UP, Haryana, Punjab Barley, Mustard, Cotton 🌿
salts like
Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium

Would you like any modifications or additional details? 😊


💩REH ,THUR ,CHOPAN -LOCAL SALINE SOILS 













Temperature Inversion 





This occurs most often on clear nights when the ground cools off rapidly by radiation. If the temperature of surface air drops below its dew point, fog may result. 

This kind of temperature inversion is very common in higher latitudes. In the lower and middle latitudes, this kind of inversion gets destroyed easily during the daytime.


 Formation Process:

  1. Air Sinks in High-Pressure Zones → Subsiding air compresses.
  2. Adiabatic Heating → As air descends, pressure increases, causing it to warm.
  3. Temperature Inversion Forms → Warm air layer develops above cooler air.
  4. Stable Atmosphere → Prevents vertical mixing, trapping pollutants.

 common in areas located under large high-pressure centres. 

Such conditions occur in the northern continents in winter and 

over the subtropical oceans. 

This temperature inversion is also called upper surface temperature inversion because it takes place in the upper parts of the atmosphere. 


===========================================================





thunder storm formation 






















'image.png' failed to upload.

NORMAL 
easterly trade winds -east to west 
consider at  peru coast (s .america) 
flows towards east i.e australia 
austalia more rain --- india will also get more 

BUT 

EL-NINA  (not good for india )2 to 7 yrs 

Winds flows WEST to EAST 
Warm water at peru ,, (LOW pressure )
so less rain in india 
Heavy rains & floods in Peru, Ecuador, and parts of the U.S. 🌊🌧️


RegionEffects
Australia & IndonesiaDroughts, wildfires 🔥
IndiaWeak monsoons, crop failure 🌾
South America (Peru, Ecuador)Heavy rainfall, floods 🌊
North AmericaWarmer winters, stronger storms ⛈️
===============================================

LANINA 
Winds from 
peru (HP) 
towards australia -india 
SO MORE RAINFALL IN INDIA
======================================================



la NINA - 


  • El Niño:  A warming of the ocean surface,or above-average sea surface temperatures (SST), in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.  
  • Over Indonesia, rainfall reduced 
  • while rainfall increases over the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.  
  • The low-level surface winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator (“easterly winds”), instead weaken or, in some cases, start blowing the other direction (from west to east or “westerly winds”).  
  • In general, the warmer the ocean temperature anomalies, the stronger the El Niño (and vice-versa).
  • La Niña:  A cooling of the ocean surface, or below-average sea surface temperatures (SST), in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.  Over Indonesia, rainfall tends to increase while rainfall decreases over the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.  The normal easterly winds along the equator become even stronger.  In general, the cooler the ocean temperature anomalies, the stronger the La Niña (and vice-versa).
  • Neutral:  Neither El Niño or La Niña. Often tropical Pacific SSTs are generally close to average.  However, there are some instances when the ocean can look like it is in an El Niño or La Niña state, but the atmosphere is not playing along (or vice versa).









Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

MY MAPS NOTES

 ALL MAPS - ALL THEMES  Sutkagendor: Located in Pakistan's Baluchistan Province near the Iranian border. It is the westernmost Harappan site  • Amri: Located in the Dadu district of Sindh, Pakistan.  • Kot Diji : A pre-Harappan site on the east bank of the Indus River in Sindh, Pakistan.   • Lothal : A 4,500-year-old Harappan port town in the Gulf of Khambat along the Bhogava River.  • Manda: Situated on the right bank of the Chenab River, northwest of Jammu   top 20 largest countries in the world by land area 🌍: Rank Country Area (sq km) Area (sq mi) Continent 1️⃣ Russia 17,098,242 6,601,668 Europe/Asia 2️⃣ Canada 9,984,670 3,855,100 North America 3️⃣ China 9,596,961 3,705,407 Asia 4️⃣ United States 9,525,067 3,677,649 North America 5️⃣ Brazil 8,515,767 3,287,956 South America 6️⃣ Australia 7,692,024 2,969,907 Oceania 7️⃣ India 3,287,263 1,269,219 Asia 8️⃣ Argentina 2,780,400 1,073...
Read more

Geography ,Landforms and their evolution (chapter 07 NCERT CLASS 11 SUMMARY )

 ============================================================= Summary: Evolution of Landforms 🌍 ======================================== Weathering & Erosion 🌧️ Weathering breaks down earth materials. Geomorphic agents (running water, groundwater, wind, glaciers, waves) cause erosion. Erosion reshapes the earth’s surface. Deposition & Surface Changes 🏞️ Deposition follows erosion. Both erosion and deposition contribute to landform changes. Definition of Landforms & Landscapes 🏔️ Landforms : Small to medium parts of the earth’s surface. Landscapes : Collection of related landforms forming large surface areas. Formation & Evolution of Landforms ⏳ Formed by geomorphic agents and processes. Changes occur due to slow or rapid natural forces. Influenced by climate and landmass movements. Landforms evolve over time (youth, mature, old age). Two Important Aspects of Landform Evolution 🔄 Transformation of one landform into anoth...
Read more

Revolt of 1857 overview

  Revolt of 1857  background  causes  people and places involved  why revolt failed ? Thinkers perspective  key lessons for britishers  frst war of independence Nana Sahib and His Role in the Revolt of 1857 Who Was Nana Sahib? Birth Name : Dhondu Pant Born : 1824, Bithoor (near Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) Adopted Son of : Peshwa Baji Rao II (last Peshwa of the Maratha Empire) Title : Leader of the Kanpur Revolt during the 1857 uprising Why Did Nana Sahib Rebel Against the British? Doctrine of Lapse After Baji Rao II died in 1851, the British refused to recognize Nana Sahib as his heir. His pension was stopped by the British , leaving him without financial support. Personal Grievances Nana Sahib saw the British as betrayers of the Maratha legacy. He wanted to restore the Peshwa rule in India. British Oppression Economic exploitation, heavy taxation, and disrespect for Indian traditions increased his anger against the British. Nana Sahib’s Role in the Rev...
Read more

ENVIRONMENT TABLES CHARTS , IMP KEYWORDS ,Diagrams

 Terms in news  Genetic rescue is the  process of increasing population growth . This is  done by introducing new genetic diversity  through  the migration of individuals into another small population , a process known as gene flow. It is commonly  used in conservation biology to counteract inbreeding depression . This  occurs when closely related individuals mate within a population , resulting in reduced success in reproduction and offspring viability. BIO PROSPECTING   The primary goal of bioprospecting is to harness nature ’ s diversity to develop beneficial products , such as antibiotics, anti-cancer agents, or sustainable agricultural solutions pollinator decline Mountains cover one-quarter of Earth’s terrestrial surface, hosting unique biodiversity. Of the 727 biosphere reserves in the World Network, 474 (65%) are in mountain ecosystem s ========================== The edaphic factors  include soil's physical, chemical, and bio...
Read more

RESOURCES -natural , -GEO- ECONOMY RELATED iNFRA n DEVelopment

India’s offshore mineral reserves include gold, diamond, copper, nickel, cobalt, copper, manganese, and rare earth elements etc. Reserves: Geological Survey of India has delineated resources of following minerals in the offshore areas: o  Lime mud within EEZ off Gujarat & Maharashtr a coasts & Construction grade sand off Kerala coast.   o Heavy mineral placers i n the inner-shelf and mid-shelf off O disha, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.  o Phosphorite in Ea stern & Western continental margin s .   o Polymetallic Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules and crusts in Andaman Sea and Lakshadweep Sea.  Types of resources that can be mined from the deep sea •  Polymetallic nodules: These are small, potato-shaped lumps of minerals found on the seabed, containing high concentrations of metals like manganese and iron . • ===================================================  Seafloor massive sulphides: These are depos...
Read more

BUDGET 2025-26 NOTES

: a) accelerate growth,  b) secure inclusive development,   c) invigorate private sector investments,  d) uplift household sentiments, and  e) enhance spending power of India’s rising middle class.    Our economy is the fastest-growing among all major global economies.     ‘Sabka Vikas’,.    focusing on Garib,  Youth,  Annadata and  Nari.   1) Spurring Agricultural Growth and Productivity; 2) Building Rural Prosperity and Resilience;   3) Taking Everyone Together on an Inclusive Growth path;  4) Boosting Manufacturing and Furthering Make in India;   5) Supporting MSMEs;  6) Enabling Employment-led Development;  7) Investing in people, economy and innovation;  8) Securing Energy Supplies;   9) Promoting Exports; and   10) Nurturing Innovation.   1) Taxation; 2) Power Sector; 3) Urban Development; 4) Mining; 5) Financial Sect...
Read more

modern history imp. pointers , Tables

william bentick declared sati as illegal infanticide 1795 among upper bengalis and rajputs are high led to compulsory registration of births and deaths of all babies satyaprakash was started by karsanand mulji 1852 bm malabari - age of consent right to remarry widows child marriager act 1872 -  rukhmabai -frst woman physician to practise medicine sarda act (the child marriage restraint act 1929 18 for boys , 14 for girls  jed bethune founded bethune school widow remmariage - brahmo samaj - ishwar chandra vidyasagar  vishnu shastri pandit founded  widow remarriage association 1850 on edu 1854 despach  savitribhai phule - frst female scl teacher of modern i8ndia  lord dolhouse declared  charles woods despatch 1854- f emale edu - women medical services  dk kasrwe - indian womens university set up - dufferin hospitals haudara- rs sarla devi chaudarani - bharatsrtree mahila mandal to eradicate purdah system  ------------------------- ramabai ran...
Read more

environment -species pics

========================================================== unique ability to reduce blood sugar levels due to the presence of  gymnemic acid  which works by occupying receptor sites in the outer lining of the intestine, thereby  curbing cravings for sweetness . ================================================================== exploited for their  liver oil containing high levels of squalene,  which is in high demand for pharmaceutical industries, especially for making high-end cosmetic and anti-cancer products. NEW Species of      DOG FISH SHARK  ================================================================= ==================================================================== ================================================================== =============================================================== ====================== ======================================================== The world's first   cryo-born baby corals  hav...
Read more

SCience and Tech CA Images

BIOTECHNOLOGY  Gold biotechnology or Bioinformatics : Computational Biology addresses biological problems using computational techniques.   Red Biotechnology : Biopharma relates to medicine and veterinary products.   White Biotechnology : Industrial Biotech to design more energy-efficient, low-resource consuming products.    Yellow Biotechnology : Biotech in the Food Industry.  Gray Biotechnology: Environmental applications to maintain Biodiversity.   Green Biotechnology : Emphasizes Agriculture interests.  Blue Biotechnology : Based on the use of marine resources.   Violet Biotechnology : Deals with law, ethical and philosophical issues of biotechnology.  Dark Biotechnology : Associated with bioterrorism and biological weapons. Chromatin is a  mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division . It is located in the nucleus of our cells....
Read more

Science and Technology

BIOTECHNOLOGY  Here is the information in tabular format: Feature Details Provision of ART Services ART services will be provided through ART clinics (treatment and procedures) and ART banks (collect, screen, and store gametes). Registration of ART Clinics and Banks A National Registry will maintain details of all ART clinics and banks in the country. Regulatory Authorities The central and state governments will appoint appropriate authorities to support registration-related services. National and State Boards The National and State Boards constituted under the Surrogacy Act 2021 will regulate ART services. Registration of Clinics The Central Government will appoint Appropriate Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Authority at the national and state levels. Eligibility Criteria for Commissioning Parties - Single women or married couples where the woman is 21-50 years and the man is 21-55 years. - Married couples must be infertile. - Fore...
Read more