International organizations and their mandates related to Environment , Technology , Economy

















  1. Madrid Protocol: Protects the environment of the Antarctic Treaty.
  2. Cartagena Protocol: Focuses on biotechnological safety.
  3. Gothenburg Protocol: Aims to reduce acidification, eutrophication, and ozone in the troposphere.
  4. Aarhus Protocol: Addresses heavy metals.
  5. Helsinki Protocol: Aims to reduce sulfur emissions














Context: The EU Nature Restoration Law recently came into force. The Nature Restoration Law is an EU regulation aimed at restoring the EU’s nature and ecosystems to a good ecological state. It supports sustainable economic development, agricultural production, renewable energy, human health, well-being, and climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Key goals by 2030 include restoring at least 25,000 km of rivers into free-flowing rivers, reversing pollinator decline, enhancing biodiversity in agricultural and forest ecosystems, and contributing to planting at least three billion additional trees at the EU level.

About the Law:

 

•           The EU’s first continent-wide legislation for nature restoration.

•           Aim: Restore 20% of degraded ecosystems by 2030 and all by 2050.

•           Requires Member States to prepare National Restoration Plans by 1 September 2026.

•           Prioritizes conservation of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas.

Legally binding targets: Restore 30% of terrestrial, coastal, freshwater, drained peatlands, and marine ecosystems by 2030; restore 25,000 km of rivers to free-flowing status.
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India ranks 176th among 180 nations in the 2024 Global Nature Conservation Index









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